Function of apodeme. This is in line with the function of the claw The pleural suture marks the location of an internal ridge of exoskeleton (an apodeme) that strengthens the sides of the thorax. A tuft of unbranched tracheae arises from each The effects of apodeme design and fibre angle of attachment on force production. Feb 1, 1992 · Changes in loop shape were demonstrable using preparations in which the tibia was moved sinusoidally ±10° about a mean femoro-tibial angle of 90° and photographs were taken using phase-locked illumination. sclerites grooves on the cuticle sutures 2 functions of apodeme organ support muscle attachment dorsal region (thoracic) notum The document summarizes the structure and functions of the insect integument or exoskeleton. (A) Schematic dorsal view of the mid-horizontal plane of an ant head showing horizontal (blue, x) and vertical Oct 28, 2005 · These cells correspond to dorsal and lateral apodeme precursor cells at a midstage of embryogenesis (stage 12) [12]. MAXILLARY ARTICULATION - A groove or flange on the posterio-ventral edge of the cranium upon which the maxillae articulate. The main body of the apodeme is a thick, heavily sclerotized fiber approximately 50 µm in diameter. Body plans have been considered to have evolved in a geologically-sudden flash during the Cambrian Explosion (roughly Limits on Animal Size and Shape Ingrowths of the exoskeleton called apodemes function as attachment sites for muscles, similar to tendons in more advanced animals . This apodeme travels through the femoro-tibial joint well outside the axis of rotation of the joint, but movements of the femoro-tibial joint do not affect the position of the tarsal claws, which are moved by the retractor unguis Dec 1, 2024 · The mechanical linkages of different attachment cells with the apodeme may thus determine the function of their scolopidial units. The main functions of arthrodial membranes are to connect sclerotised exoskeleton elements and allow relative movement of these elements and to extend whenever an increase in volume of the body is necessary [59 – 60]. Ants use their mandibles for almost any task, including prey-catching, fighting, leaf-cutting, brood care and communication. Here is an example of an apodeme on the carapace of this tarantula. Using µCT analyses, we confirmed that, except for species of a particular group, two pairs of muscles attached to the ejaculatory apodeme are aligned nearly parallel to Animals vary in form and function. It consists of three layers - the outer non-cellular epicuticle layer with wax and cement layers, the thicker procuticle layer divided into outer exocuticle and inner endocuticle layers composed of chitin and proteins, and the inner epidermis layer. It perceives odours, touch, humidity, vibration, wind velocity and direction. Calling occurs through a squeezing mechanism based on the turtleneck-like folding and unfolding of the ovipositor cuticle during its telescopic extensions and retractions. Abstract Many insects have a pair of claws on the tip of each foot (tarsus and pretarsus). apodeme an inward projection of the exoskeleton of arthropods that serves as a site for muscle attachment. Aug 17, 2022 · The orientation of the apodeme force remains approximately constant across mandibular opening an- gles, because the apodeme does not rotate. (a – c) The bite force Fb is a function of muscle stress σ, physiological cross-sectional area Aphys, pennation angle ϕ, apodeme angle γ and the mechanical advantage determined by inlever L and outlever Lo, the axis of rotation ˆ 𝐑 and the apodeme main axis ˆ 𝐀. 2). The tibio-tarsal joint was fixed at 180°. ridge-like ingrowth of the exoskeleton of an arthropod that supports internal organs and provides attachment points for muscles The document summarizes the structure and function of the insect body wall (exoskeleton or integument) and the process of moulting (ecdysis). It is composed mainly of chitin, proteins, and wax. The cuticle provides structure and protection, prevents water loss, and allows for muscle attachment. net dictionary. As a first step towards the integration of information on neural control, biomechanics and isolated muscle function, we constructed a three-dimensional musculo-skeletal model of the hind leg of the death-head cockroach Blaberus discoidalis . See examples of APODEME used in a sentence. This apodeme travels through the femoro-tibial joint well outside the axis of rotation of the joint, but movements of the femoro-tibial joint do not affect the position of the tarsal claws, which are moved by the retractor unguis Endoskeleton. Feb 1, 2002 · It consists, for example, of a small median sternal apodeme in scorpions, or of a medio-dorsal apodeme in spiders. Antenna is something like our nose but sense more information than our nose. The procuticle underneath contains chitin fibers and proteins and is divided into the softer exocuticle and thicker, harder endocuticle. May 1, 2009 · The posterior levator apodeme is small and, like the medial apodeme, is connected to a posteriorly projecting lip from the anterior apodeme. 3C). In general, mechanics plays a crucial role in FeCO function and needs to be better characterised in future studies. 1C,E). Spring and latch systems, including artificial systems, are diverse and operate under their own mass-specific power limits (Ilton et al. The insect body wall, also called the integument or exoskeleton, is composed of an inner epidermal layer and an outer non-cellular cuticle layer. (c) Lateral view of apodeme movement showing relative change in position of dactyl, opener apodeme, and closer apodeme during claw function. Aug 22, 2011 · Two bulky muscles (anterior gonopod protractor and anterior gonopod retractor) insert on each arm of the apodeme, close to its dorsal end. API: Anterior pronotal inflection; CA: cervical apodeme of propectus; HA: Horizontal apodeme of the propectus; Mn: Mesonotum; FM: Rim of foramen magnum; OP: Occipital process; PA: pleural apophysis of propectus; Pph: Prephragma of mesonotum; PPI: posterior Articles about function of a muscle whose apodeme travels through a joint moved by other muscles why the retractor unguis muscle in stick insects is tripartite and has no antagonist. All muscles attach to elements of the exoskeleton, which are frequently inflected, either to act as tendons, or, in effect, as an endoskeleton. Alternative functions were proposed for the midgut caeca (Table 2). Contraction of muscles attached to the apodemes pulls the claw closed Oct 1, 1985 · Apodeme Development Although apodeme formation is inextricably related to muscle development, very little is known about how apodemes arise and elongate in the appropriate places. The term body plan is the "blueprint" encompassing aspects such as symmetry, segmentation, and limb disposition. This apodeme travels through the femoro-tibial joint well outside the axis of rotation of the joint, but movements of the femoro-tibial joint do not affect the position of the tarsal claws, which are moved by the retractor unguis muscle. We fused this element with the GAL4 coding region to express UAS-targeted genes in a subset of apodeme cells. Insert – The base of the apodeme, where the apodeme is proximal to the dactylopodite, has a complex diamond shape. We have worked with the FlyBase team to integrate these terms into their anatomy ontology [46, 47]. There are two types i. Other details of the apodeme complex are described and the significance of the findings is discussed in relation to mtFCO function. It describes the processes of moulting (ecdysis), including the hormonal control involved and the stages of cuticle formation and shedding. Such a structure is termed an apodeme. 49, 50) (Hudson, I945-5I) This name is given to the endoskeleton of the head and, in generalized Pterygote insects, it is composed of two or three pairs of apodemes which coalesce at their bases. 2. Apodemes are typically found in arthropods such as insects and crustaceans. This apodeme is oriented posteriorly and is the site of attachment for a single muscle head, Lpcx. Additionally, the document highlights the various cuticular Oct 2, 2024 · Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like natatorial (swimming) legs, insects have how many individual muscles, only muscle type in insects and more. MAXILLARY PALP - The palpi of the maxillae; the telopodite of the maxillae. May 29, 2023 · The elastic deformation of the apodeme and skeleton function as a spring to store the energy to produce the power for striking. Consequently, our understanding of apodeme function in invertebrates is stuck far behind what we know about the function of tendons in vertebrates. The apodeme in this case is the depression in the center of the carapace. It is rigid, flexible, lighter, stronger and variously modified in different body parts to suit different modes of life. Resilin, a rubber-like protein with outstanding resilience and durability, forms an We therefore hypothesized that miR-14 functions in epidermal cells to restrict an apodeme-like cell fate. 9 A,B) and handedness always resided in the chela with stronger closing force (Fig. The dorsal apodeme (D) and ventral apodeme (V) are also shed at ecdysis along with the outer cuticle of the dactylopodite (arrowhead). The midgut caeca could participate in the production of the peritrophic membrane. Moreover, in the order we see a heterogeneous differentiation of organs that have functions more or less similar regardless of the homologies. FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM Support and strength of the organism and its limbs Protection of animal, especially the internal organs Attachment for muscles Feb 7, 2020 · On the structure, function, and distribution of the prolegs of the Panorpoidea, with a criticism of the Berlese–Imms theory. Ingrowths of the body wall called apodemes Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is the exoskeleton made of?, What are sclerites? What separates them?, What is an apodeme? How does it appear externally? and more. Animal shape and body size are influenced by environmental factors as well as the presence of an exoskeleton or an endoskeleton. Each of these structures serves as the attachment site for one or more muscles. We tested the model by measuring the maximum force generated in vivoby the hind leg of the cockroach, the coxa–femur joint angle and the position of The course of the common apodeme of the tripartite retractor unguis muscle is described for the stick insects Carausius morosus and Acrophylla wulfingii. The recent advances in experimental technology allows us to assess the mechanical power output and function of the Drosophila flight muscle within the context of the flying animal. May 1, 1991 · ABSTRACT. It is generally accepted that the pulling of the apodeme by the muscles flexes the claws to engage with a rough surface of a substrate, and the flexed claws return to their Discarded exoskeleton (exuviae) of dragonfly nymph Exoskeleton of cicada attached to a Tridax procumbens (colloquially known as the tridax daisy) An exoskeleton (from Ancient Greek έξω (éxō) 'outer' and σκελετός (skeletós) 'skeleton') [1][2][3] is a skeleton that is on the exterior of an animal in the form of hardened integument, which both supports the body's shape and protects This suture marks the location of an internal sclerotized ridge (apodeme) that strengthens this part of the head capsule. Nov 1, 2015 · In P. Internally, apodemes are hollow rods or flanges derived from the cuticle; they extend inward from the exoskeleton. The closer muscle induces a force on the closer apodeme (FI) that is transmitted through the in-lever (LI) to the out-lever (LO), producing a force at the claw tip (FO) or anywhere along the dactyl. The apodemes on this crab leg are located above and below the fulcrum of the claw. Oct 7, 2021 · STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF INSECT CUTICLE AND MOLTING Insect body wall is called as Integument or Exoskeleton. , 2018). Aug 13, 2018 · The preanal apodeme is anteriorly extended into a gladius-like appendix, hence termed gladius of the preanal apodeme (glpra; Figs. The posterior levator apodeme is small and, like the medial apodeme, is connected to a posteriorly pro-jecting lip from the anterior apodeme. Sep 21, 2025 · Definition and Expanded Explanation Apodeme Definition: An apodeme (pronounced \ˈæ-pə-ˌdēm) is an internal structural feature found in arthropods, such as insects, crustaceans, and arachnids. The movement of the pretarsal claws is mediated by a long apodeme that originates from the claw retractor muscles in the femur. Each spiracle opens into an internal atrium. Jan 25, 2024 · “Calling behaviour” is a stereotyped rhythmic motor pattern displayed by female moths, by which they emit the sex pheromone to attract of conspecific males. The various apodemes Jul 24, 2003 · In male flies, the ejaculatory apodeme, a structural part of the reproductive endoskeleton, grows as a function of age of the fly. Move the leg aside, if necessary, to reveal the apodeme. They extend inward from the exoskeleton, forming internal walls or partitions that provide structural support and increase the surface area for muscle attachment. Infectious arthritis is fully covered in Chapter 27, Infectious Disorders of Bone and Joints, and is not discussed here. . The process of moulting is controlled by Dec 11, 2022 · But in addition to this mechanical advantage, several times as much muscle is attached to the wide, closing apodeme, compared to the opener, multiplying the closing force several times more. CUTICULAR APPENDAGES e no epidermal associati Piece of inflected cuticle that forms the attachment for muscles in the body of an insect. The course of the common apodeme of the tripartite retractor unguis muscle is described for the stick insects Carausius morosus and Acrophylla wulfingii. To increase our understanding of apodeme function, we determined the mechanical properties of the unguitractor apodeme (UTA) of Sungaya aeta stick insects. It above was already mentioned tergal apodeme, middle pressing in residing on prosoma carapace, serving inside revenge for fastening the muscles of sucking stomach (central apodeme). ii. MAXILLARY APODEME - An apodeme associated with the articulatory muscles of the maxillae. The apodeme of the extensor is superior to that of the flexor and is approximately coincident with the mid-line of the meropodite. The document discusses the structure, function, and composition of the integument or exoskeleton in insects, detailing its components such as the cuticle, epidermis, and basement membrane. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 106, 455–545. It notes that the integument consists of three layers - an outer non-cellular epicuticle layer, a middle procuticle layer divided into exocuticle and endocuticle, and an inner cellular epidermis layer. Greater apodeme height and chela size may be closely related to the volume of the closer muscle, and handedness would then depend on the chela with stronger closing muscle. Definition of apodeme in the Definitions. They serve different functions in the insect body: Apodeme: These are internal processes or infoldings of the body wall that serve as attachment sites for muscles. Oct 16, 2019 · This muscle forms a sheet, which embraces the posterodorsal (II) blood compartment (figures 1 d, 3 c,f and 4). They play a crucial role in the movement and mechanical support of these animals. This mechanism is under the control of the terminal abdominal Feb 15, 2023 · Figure 1. I won’t bore you with the calculations, but combining levers and muscle areas, the closer muscles can exert 20 times as much force as the opener muscles. The main component of the cuticle is chitin, and it also contains proteins like arthropodin A pair of jointed appendages located on the head of an insect above the mouthparts. It also discusses the cellular layer (epidermis), cuticular appendages, glands and endoskeleton. In ants, this muscle is generally composed of distinct muscle fiber types that differ in morpho … The different development of the midgut caeca of the brachyuran crabs in comparison to other decapods, probably responds to the divergent evolution and role of the midgut caeca in each decapod taxa. It has three main layers: 1. From a sponge to a worm to a goat, an organism has a distinct body plan that limits its size and shape. The functions of the tentorium are (I) to afford a basis for the attachment of many of the cephalic muscles and, at the same time, to give rigidity to the head; (2) to lend Aug 15, 2025 · The little data that do exist appear to suggest that apodemes differ so substantially from tendons that their functional significance may differ, too. Apodeme definition: a ridgelike ingrowth of the exoskeleton of an arthropod that supports the internal organs and provides the attachment points for the muscles. For instance, labeling the somata and distal endings of tension neurons inserted into the apodeme will reveal their location relative to muscle fibers 8,17-21. 2, 5; Additional file 5: Figure S3), which is anteriorly limited by, but not in contact with, the genital atrium. ABSTRACT The course of the common apodeme of the tripartite retractor unguis muscle is described for the stick insects Carausius morosus and Acrophylla wulfingii. Meaning of apodeme. What does apodeme mean? Information and translations of apodeme in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. Dwell is a platform for anyone to write about design and architecture. Homologies of leg segments between groups are difficult to prove and are the source of much argument Muscle attachments to body wall: (a) tonofibrillae traversing the epidermis from the muscle to the cuticle; (b) a muscle attachment in an adult beetle of Chrysobothrus femorata (Coleoptera: Buprestidae); (c) a multicellular apodeme with a muscle attached to one of its thread-like, cuticular “tendons” or apophyses. Ventrally, this apodeme forms a point of articulation with the basal leg segment (the coxa). Oct 18, 2025 · Apodeme and apophysis are two types of inward growths seen in arthropod exoskeletons, which are clearly visible in insect exoskeletons. The flexor apodeme is located closer to the inferior side of the leg, making the muscle asymmetrical. - "Function of a Muscle Whose Apodeme Travels Through a Joint Moved by Other Muscles: Why the Retractor Unguis Muscle in Stick Insects is Tripartite and has no Antagonist" May 24, 2010 · Each propectus is a section of cuticle containing a number of infoldings and protrusions, including the sternal (ventral) plate, pleural (lateral) plate, horizontal apodeme, cervical apodeme and pleural apophysis (Fig. The The arthropod leg is a form of jointed appendage of arthropods, usually used for walking. Apodemes are characterized by their elongated, ridge-like shape. The apodeme was cut at the middle part of the tibia and the proximal end of the apodeme was glued to the tip of a tapered glass rod that was attachedtoashortarm ofthepenmotorthroughasmallpiece The document summarizes the structure and composition of the insect integument or exoskeleton. The epicuticle is the outermost layer and consists of wax and cement layers that provide waterproofing and structural integrity. Different groups of animals have developed different materials specialised for these purposes; insects and other arthropods have Aug 19, 2019 · Incorporating the new standardized terminology into diverse ongoing studies The revised terminology described here should facilitate cross-disciplinary synthesis of our knowledge of genital function, development, and evolution. It acts as a supportive, hardened internal ridge or plate that provides attachment points for muscles. Moulting is controlled by hormones Identification apodeme [AAP-o-deem] singular, noun - ridge-like ingrowth of the exoskeleton of an arthropod that supports internal organs and provides attachment points for muscles. Apodemes have a function similar to the bones of vertebrates, for they provide sites for muscle insertion, thereby allowing the leverage that can cause movement of other parts of… Apodeme definition: a ridgelike ingrowth of the exoskeleton of an arthropod that supports the internal organs and provides the attachment points for the muscles. The spiracle is the anterolateral corner of the apodeme and is difficult to discern. In thoracic segments that bear wings, the pleural apodeme runs dorsally into the pleural wing process, a finger-like sclerite that serves as a pivot or fulcrum for the base Glossary apodeme ingrowth of an animal’s exoskeleton that functions as an attachment site for muscles asymmetrical describes animals with no axis of symmetry in their body pattern basal metabolic rate (BMR) dorsal cavity body cavity on the posterior or back portion of an animal; includes the cranial and vertebral cavities ectotherm Apr 27, 2016 · Many insects have a pair of claws on the tip of each foot (tarsus and pretarsus). Establishing the structure-function relationship between the proprioceptive organs, muscles and the nervous system will further help define these roles. Third, and on the note of comparison, the limited in-formation that does exist suggests that the modulus of apodemes may be more than one order of magnitude larger than that of tendons. Apophysis: Solid invagination of body wall. Many of the terms used for arthropod leg segments (called podomeres) are of Latin origin, and may be confused with terms for bones: (meaning hip, : ), , (: ), (: ), (: ), (: ), , , (meaning finger), (: ). The main elements, forming internal tarantula skeleton, are apodeme (the hollow inside structures), apophysis and entosternum. The structure and function of hyaline cartilage and the cell biology of cartilage Animal Form and Function Animals vary in form and function. , An apodeme is, Exoskeletons are used for movement by which of the following animals? and more. Elastomeric Proteins - October 2003INTRODUCTION Biological structures with long-range elasticity are found in most animals, where they serve a number of functions, such as storing kinetic energy, absorbing shocks and vibrations, and acting as antagonists for muscles. However, because the joint converts apodeme translation into mandible rotation, the angle between inlever and Aˆ changes with opening angle (see Fig. Apodemes are ingrowths on arthropod exoskeletons to which muscles attach. In an intact The extraordinary jumping abilities of insects like grasshoppers and fleas rely on the sudden release of stored elastic energy from catapult-like structures. In addition, some membranes are armoured with miniature protuberances on their surfaces and have a defence function [61 – 62]. Just behind the occipital suture lie the occiput and postgenae, tiny sclerites that are probably remnants of the fifth primitive segment that fused to form the insect’s head. Apodeme: Hollow invagination of body wall. It is the external covering of the body which is ectodermal in origin. It describes the main layers of the cuticle (epicuticle, exocuticle, endocuticle), their composition and functions. The integument provides protection, prevents water Oct 6, 2024 · The objective of this chapter is to review briefly the development of joints and their normal structure and function and then to outline concisely the pathophysiology of arthritic disorders. Animals’ bodies are also designed to interact with … Apr 1, 2010 · The function of the SLP has been inferred from its movement during kicks as recorded by high-speed video and from calculations of the energy stored in the extensor apodeme, the SLP and the femur cuticle (Bennet-Clark, 1975; Burrows and Morris, 2001). Function of a muscle whose apodeme travels through a joint moved by other muscles: why the retractor unguis muscle in stick insects is tripartite and has no antagonist. 3. The values are given for different, fixed retractor unguis apodeme positions. Apr 30, 2019 · In insects, the integument (body wall) is occasionally invaginated into the body cavity to form an internal, ‘skeletal’, support. To explore this possibility, we used RNA-seq analysis to assay for miR-14 control of apodeme marker gene expression in epidermal cells. The functional, morphological, and anatomical variability makes difficult the identification Sep 23, 2024 · Here, we report the morphology and function of a novel lever-jacking system identified in the sperm pump of a genus of danceflies (Empididae), a family representing a basal lineage of the higher Diptera (suborder Brachycera). Aug 15, 2025 · Consequently, our understanding of apodeme function in invertebrates is stuck far behind what we know about the function of tendons in vertebrates. This growth pattern is sigmoid, reaching a maximum threshold that corresponds with the attainment of sexual maturity, as measured by the incidence of first mating. The protractor muscle, which inserts on the ventral side of the anterior gonopod apodeme, is attached on the apodeme of the posterior tracheal pouch of the sixth ring. Next, all other measurements (external claw measurements, indentation volume of polystyrene, apodeme surface area, pennation angle, measurements of mechanical advantage, effort exerted, and calculated closing force) were analyzed as a function of claw length. This apodeme is oriented posteriorly and is the site of attachment for a single muscle head, L p cx. Dec 1, 2001 · To function, a muscle fiber arrangement of this kind would require an extremely thick apodeme, taking up space and representing an additional load which would reduce the advantage given by the muscle fiber's optimal angle of attack (Paul and Gronenberg, 1999). Sep 1, 2017 · The mandible closer (adductor) apodeme attaches broadly to the medial side of the mandible base, as a thin sheet dorsally and as a thick fiber on the mediobasal process (Figs 1, 6, 7). The apodeme in the insect’s exoskeleton allows for effective muscle attachment and movement. It is generally accepted that the pulling of the apodeme by the muscles flexes the claws to engage with a rough surface of a substrate, and the flexed claws return to their initial The document summarizes the structure of the insect cuticle. The epidermis secretes and regenerates the cuticle. Mar 1, 2009 · The apodeme of the extensor is superior to that of the flexor and is approximately coincident with the mid-line of the meropodite. (After Snodgrass 1935) The apodeme and several muscle fibers on both sides of the apodeme were traced; the angles of muscle fiber attachment onto the apodeme (angles of pinnation) were then measured with a protractor. One exception is found in the Solifugae (Solpugida), whose prosoma contains several tergal, sternal and extensive coxal apodemes, whereas the endosternum is lacking. The flexor apodeme is located closer to the inferior side of the Aug 12, 2025 · The little data that do exist appear to suggest that apodemes differ so substantially from tendons that their functional significance may differ, too. Feb 4, 2016 · Function of a muscle whose apodeme travels through a joint moved by other muscles: why the retractor unguis muscle in stick insects is tripartite and has no antagonist. The key to the versatility of mandible functions is the mandible closer muscle. ENDOSKELETON wall providin space for muscle a endoskeleton. It helps in movement and the articulation of body parts. The meaning of APODEME is one of the internal ridges or ingrowths from the exoskeleton of most arthropods that support the internal organs, provide points of attachment for the muscles, and constitute the endoskeleton of the animal. Researchers studied the apodeme structure to understand how different species evolved muscular attachments. Its proximal fibres project into the trunk and attach to the dorsolateral body wall, but the cuticle covering this region does not show any apodeme or apodeme-like structure (figure 5 a,b; electronic supplementary material, figure S4). Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In muscle function at the sarcomere level, the binding of ___ ions to ____ regulates the formation of cross-bridges. Compared to females, the males have the abdomen with a lower number of apparent urites and a strong structural and morphological complexity of the hypopygium. An apodeme is a specialized muscular or fibrous structure in some invertebrates, such as insects, that functions as a support or attachment site for muscles, typically in the wings or legs. The Tentorium (Figs. The spiracles of ring four are the largest of all and this is where you should look to see your first spiracles. Overview of gross morphology, innervation and function of the neck musculature as described here, by Snodgrass [12] and by Markl [13]. trituberculatus, closing force was proportional to the apodeme size (Fig. Apodemes are internal ridges or ingrowths of an exoskeleton in arthropods that function as muscle attachment sites. xglrb 5hxaxma yqfil lrozt9 eqem 4bkdw pelqv 0ne9v c7 ru